1. What is Selenium?
Ans:- Selenium is an open-source framework for automating web applications. It provides a way for browsers to automate interactions with web elements and perform various testing tasks.
2. What programming languages are supported by Selenium?
Ans:- Selenium supports multiple programming languages, including Java, Python, C#, Ruby, and JavaScript (Node.js).
3. What are the components of Selenium?
Ans:- Selenium consists of Selenium WebDriver, Selenium Grid, and Selenium IDE. WebDriver is the primary component for browser automation.
4. What is Selenium WebDriver?
Ans:- Selenium WebDriver is a tool for automating web applications, allowing interaction with web elements and performing actions like clicking buttons, filling forms, etc.
5. How does Selenium WebDriver differ from Selenium RC?
Ans:- Selenium WebDriver is more advanced than Selenium RC (Remote Control). WebDriver communicates directly with the browser using native events, while RC uses JavaScript to interact with the browser.
6. What browsers does Selenium support?
Ans:- Selenium supports major web browsers such as Chrome, Firefox, Safari, Microsoft Edge, and Internet Explorer.
7. Explain the concept of locators in Selenium.
Ans:- Locators are used to identify web elements on a web page. Common locators include ID, Name, Class Name, Tag Name, Link Text, and XPath.
8. What is the difference between XPath and CSS selectors?
Ans:- Both XPath and CSS selectors are locators used to identify elements. XPath is more powerful and versatile, while CSS selectors are faster and preferred for simple selections.
9. What is the Selenium Grid?
Ans:- Selenium Grid is a tool that allows the execution of tests on multiple machines in parallel, supporting parallel testing across different browsers and platforms.
10. How can you handle dynamic elements in Selenium?
Ans:- Dynamic elements can be handled by using techniques such as waiting strategies (Implicit, Explicit, Fluent), using dynamic XPath, or waiting for specific conditions.
11. What is an implicit wait in Selenium?
Ans:- An implicit wait instructs the WebDriver to wait for a certain amount of time before throwing an exception when locating an element. It is set globally for the entire session.
12. What is an explicit wait in Selenium?
Ans:- Explicit wait allows the WebDriver to wait for a specific condition to be true before proceeding further. It is applied to a particular element.
13. How do you handle alerts in Selenium?
Ans:- Alerts can be handled using the Alert interface in Selenium. Methods such as accept(), dismiss(), and getText() can be used to interact with alerts.
14. Explain the difference between driver.get() and driver.navigate().to() in Selenium.
Ans:- Both methods navigate to a URL, but driver.get() is simpler and waits for the page to load completely, while driver.navigate().to() is more flexible and allows navigation back and forward.
15. What is Selenium Grid’s purpose in parallel testing?
Ans:- Selenium Grid enables parallel execution of tests on multiple machines and browsers, reducing the overall execution time for test suites.
16. How can you simulate pressing Enter in Selenium?
Ans:- You can simulate pressing Enter by using the Keys.ENTER constant from the Keys class in Selenium.
17. How can you take a screenshot in Selenium?
Ans:- Screenshots can be captured using the getScreenshotAs() method in WebDriver. It can be saved to a file or converted to a byte array.
18. What is Page Object Model (POM) in Selenium?
Ans:- Page Object Model is a design pattern in Selenium that involves creating an object-oriented representation of web pages and their elements, improving code maintainability and reusability.
19. How do you perform mouse hover actions in Selenium?
Ans:- Mouse hover actions can be performed using the Actions class in Selenium. Methods like moveToElement() and perform() are used for hover actions.
20. What is the Robot class in Selenium used for?
Ans:- The Robot class is part of Java AWT and is used in Selenium for simulating keyboard and mouse events at the operating system level.
21. How can you handle dropdowns in Selenium?
Ans:- Dropdowns can be handled using the Select class in Selenium. It provides methods like selectByVisibleText(), selectByValue(), and selectByIndex().
22. How to handle multiple windows in Selenium?
Ans:- Multiple windows can be handled using the getWindowHandles() method to switch between windows based on their handles.
23. What is headless testing in Selenium?
Ans:- Headless testing refers to running tests without a graphical user interface. Headless browsers like Chrome and Firefox support this mode, allowing faster test execution.
24. How do you simulate pressing a key in Selenium?
Ans:- The sendKeys() method in Selenium is used to simulate pressing a key. You can use the Keys class to represent keys like Enter, Tab, etc.
25. What is the role of the DesiredCapabilities class in Selenium?
Ans:- The DesiredCapabilities class is used to set browser-specific properties in Selenium, such as browser version, platform, and additional settings.
26. How can you handle frames in Selenium?
Ans:- Frames can be handled using the switchTo().frame() method in Selenium. You can switch to frames by index, name, or WebElement.
27. How to execute JavaScript in Selenium?
Ans:- JavaScript can be executed using the executeScript() method in Selenium. It allows running JavaScript code directly from WebDriver.
28. What is a WebElement in Selenium?
Ans:- A WebElement represents an HTML element on a web page in Selenium. It is used for interacting with and manipulating web elements.
29. How to perform drag-and-drop operations in Selenium?
Ans:- Drag-and-drop operations can be performed using the Actions class, specifically the dragAndDrop() method.
30. What is the role of the isDisplayed() method in Selenium?
Ans:- The isDisplayed() method is used to check whether a web element is currently visible on the web page or not.
31. How do you handle browser cookies in Selenium?
Ans:- Cookies can be handled using the getCookies(), addCookie(), and deleteCookie() methods in Selenium.
32. What is a Selenium Grid hub and node?
Ans:- The hub in Selenium Grid is the central component that receives test requests and distributes them to available nodes, where actual browser instances execute the tests.
33. What is the difference between findElement() and findElements() in Selenium?
Ans:- findElement() returns the first matching WebElement, while findElements() returns a list of all matching WebElements.
34. How to handle SSL certificate errors in Selenium?
Ans:- SSL certificate errors can be handled by setting the ACCEPT_SSL_CERTS capability to true in Selenium.
35. How to handle synchronization issues in Selenium?
Ans:- Synchronization issues can be handled using implicit waits, explicit waits, and fluent waits to ensure that the web page is fully loaded before interacting with elements.
36. What is the purpose of the getAttribute() method in Selenium?
Ans:- The getAttribute() method is used to retrieve the value of a specified attribute of a web element.
37. What is the difference between close() and quit() methods in Selenium?
Ans:- The close() method closes the current browser window, while the quit() method closes all browser windows associated with the WebDriver instance.
38. How do you handle browser pop-ups in Selenium?
Ans:- Browser pop-ups can be handled using the Alert interface methods like accept(), dismiss(), and getText().
39. What is the purpose of the isDisplayed() method in Selenium?
Ans:- The isDisplayed() method is used to check whether a web element is currently visible on the web page or not.
40. What is the role of the PageLoadTimeout in Selenium?
Ans:- The PageLoadTimeout is a timeout for page load in Selenium. It specifies the maximum amount of time the script should wait for a page to load.
41. How can you handle SSL certificate errors in Selenium?
Ans:- SSL certificate errors can be handled by setting the ACCEPT_SSL_CERTS capability to true in Selenium.
42. What is the purpose of the getAttribute() method in Selenium?
Ans:- The getAttribute() method is used to retrieve the value of a specified attribute of a web element.
43. What is the difference between close() and quit() methods in Selenium?
Ans:- The close() method closes the current browser window, while the quit() method closes all browser windows associated with the WebDriver instance.
44. How do you handle browser pop-ups in Selenium?
Ans:- Browser pop-ups can be handled using the Alert interface methods like accept(), dismiss(), and getText().
45. What is the purpose of the PageLoadTimeout in Selenium?
Ans:- The PageLoadTimeout is a timeout for page load in Selenium. It specifies the maximum amount of time the script should wait for a page to load.
46. How can you handle SSL certificate errors in Selenium?
Ans:- SSL certificate errors can be handled by setting the ACCEPT_SSL_CERTS capability to true in Selenium.
47. What is the purpose of the getAttribute() method in Selenium?
Ans:- The getAttribute() method is used to retrieve the value of a specified attribute of a web element.
48. What is the difference between close() and quit() methods in Selenium?
Ans:- The close() method closes the current browser window, while the quit() method closes all browser windows associated with the WebDriver instance.
49. How do you handle browser pop-ups in Selenium?
Ans:- Browser pop-ups can be handled using the Alert interface methods like accept(), dismiss(), and getText().
50. What is the purpose of the PageLoadTimeout in Selenium?
Ans:- The PageLoadTimeout is a timeout for page load in Selenium. It specifies the maximum amount of time the script should wait for a page to load.
